建議可花三四天，先自行閱讀文章及作答測驗題。閱讀時先找出主要句子的主詞和動詞，順著這文法結構，就可掌握句意與其主旨。
文章的講解內容，包括為每個句子（1）找主詞和動詞；（2）說明其他看似的動詞為什麼不是；（3）將複雜長句拆解為數個簡單句，並說明如何將它們組裝回來；（4）說明句子裡的其他文法內容。
A hard hat is a helmet used mostly at worksites to protect the head from injuries due to falling objects. Since its introduction in the early 20th century, the headgear has saved countless lives and is considered the number one safety tool for construction workers.
The hard hat was invented in 1919 by Edward W. Bullard, who had just returned from World War I. Before the war, workers used to smear their hats with coal tar for protection of their head. Bullard, having witnessed the life-saving power of the metal helmet in the War, decided to produce a head protection device that was affordable for every worker and lightweight enough to be worn all day long. The Hard Boiled Hat was thus born, using steamed canvas and leather, covered with black paint, and featuring a suspension system to reduce impact. Soon, hard hats became widely used. The headgear was later made mandatory at construction sites in major construction projects, such as the Hoover Dam in 1931 and the Golden Gate Bridge in 1933.
Over the past century, hard hats have advanced considerably, evolving from canvas and leather to aluminum, fiberglass, and, eventually, to thermoplastic. Recently, new models have been introduced and accessories added to meet the needs of laborers working on various job sites. For instance, a ventilated hard hat was developed to keep wearers cooler, and see-through face shields were attached to better see the hazards lurking above. Today, attachments include radios, sensors, cameras, and a lot more. A common color code has also been developed for recognizing people and their roles on site. Yellow is used for general laborers and contractors, white (or sometimes black) for supervisors and managers, and green for inspectors and new workers.
New products continue to expand the market. Global sales of hard hats totaled USD 2.1 billion in 2016, and are expected to reach USD 3.19 billion in 2025.
39. Which of the following aspects about hard hats is NOT discussed in the passage?
(A) Their functions.
(B) Their appearances.
(C) Their materials.
(D) Their limitations.
40. In what order did the following protective hats appear?
a. fiberglass hats
b. hats with see-through shields
c. hats with canvas and leatherd. hats with tar over them
(A) d->c->a->b (B) c->d->b->a (C) c->b->a->d (D) d->c->b->a
41. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true about the hard hat?
(A) Global sales have doubled every ten years.
(B) The inspiration came from the inventor's wartime experience.
(C) It was standard equipment for construction workers in the 1920s.
(D) Different colors are used in different industries to signal the roles of people on site.
42. Which of the following words are used in the passage to refer to the hard hat?
a. tool b. code c. device d. helmet e. accessory f. headgear
(A) a, b, d, e (B) a, c, d, f (C) c, d, e, f (D) a, d, e,
39. D 40. D 41. B 42. B
第一段第一句
A hard hat is a helmet used mostly at worksites to protect the head from injuries due to falling objects.
工程帽是大多用於工地的頭盔，用以保護頭部不因掉落物品而受傷。
💡主旨 定義工程帽
🔍找出主詞和動詞
主詞： hard hat
動詞：is
🚫排除干擾：為什麼他們不是動詞？
used：之前已有 is，但沒有連接詞可將它與 is 連接，所以它不是過去式，只能是 p.p.。
to protect： 不定詞，不能當句子的動詞。在此表示使用的目的。
falling： V-ing， 不能當動詞，在這裡是當形容詞，修飾 objects，意為［正掉落的］。
🩵詞彙解析 due to 意為 ［因為，由於］，與［because of］ 同義。
注意： to 是介係詞，須加名詞或動名詞。
🛋️He missed his morning flight due to oversleeping.
🧩長句解析：拆解與組裝
🪛拆解 本句可拆成兩個簡單句
第一句 （核心句） A hard hat is a helmet.
第二句 （說明頭盔) The helmet is used mostly at worksites to protect the head from injuries due to falling objects.
🧵組裝
把第二句化成核心句的關係子句：
Step 1. 把 第二句的 helmet 改成 which，嫁接到 核心句的 helmet 之後，
A hard hat is a helmet which is used mostly at worksites to protect the head from injuries due to falling objects.
Step 2. 關係子句的省略：關係子句裡的 which is 可直接省略。即成。
第一段第二句
Since its introduction in the early 20th century, the headgear has saved countless lives and is considered the number one safety tool for construction workers.
自從它 20 世紀問世以來，這種頭戴裝備已經救了無數的生命，被認為是建築工人的頭號安全工具。
💡主旨 工程帽是工地安全的必備
🔍找主詞和動詞
主詞： headgear
動詞： has saved（完成式 have/has + p.p.）和
is considered （被動語態 be-V + p.p.）
🩵 附屬連接詞 since 句型
使用公式：［現在完成式 + since + 過去式（或過去的時間）］。
因為過去式被冠以 since，成了附屬子句，因此，現在完成式 是這句型裡的主要句子
🍔有用的詞彙與用法 consider 意為［考慮、認為］
consider + 名詞子句，或
consider + 加受詞，或
consider + 受詞 +（to be 可省略）+ 受詞補語
🛋️ People consider the headgear the number one safety tool for construction workers. 其中，受詞 是 headgear，而其後 所有內容 是 受詞補語。
🍀 主動式 改 被動式
步驟 1. 以受詞 headgear 當主詞，提到句首
步驟 2. 動詞 consider 改成 ［be-V + p.p.］is considered
步驟 3. 其他（包括補語等）依序照抄
步驟 4. 在最後面加上 by + 原本的主詞 （若不會造成疑問，可以省略這一步）
🧩長句解析：拆解與組裝
🪛拆解 本句可拆為兩個簡單句
第一句 The headgear has saved countless lives since its introduction in the early 20th century.
第二句 The headgear is considered the number one safety tool for construction workers.
🧵組裝
Step 1. 將兩句 以 and 合併：The headgear has saved countless lives since its introduction in the early 20th century and the headgear is considered the number one safety tool for construction workers.
Step 2. 可省略相同的主詞：The headgear has saved countless lives since its introduction in the early 20th century and the headgear is considered the number one safety tool for construction workers.
Step 3. 為求流暢，將 since 片語提到句首，並以逗號隔開，以示 插入 之意。 即成。
Since its introduction in the early 20th century, the headgear has saved countless lives since its introduction in the early 20th century and the headgear is considered the number one safety tool for construction workers.
