議可花三四天甚或一星期的時間，先自行查字典了解文章及作答測驗題。閱讀時先找出句子的主詞和動詞，順著這文法結構，就可掌握句意與其主旨。
文章的講解內容，包括為每一個句子（1）說明主旨；（2）找出它的主詞和動詞；（3）說明其他可能的動詞人選為什麼不能當句子的動詞；（4）將長句解構為多個簡單句，並說明這些簡單句如何組裝成長句；（5）說明句子裡出現的其他文法內容。
110 指考第48至51題
Since golf started in the 15th century, many advances have occurred in the game, including significant changes to the golf ball. Early golf was played with a rounded wooden ball before the Featherie, a leather sack stuffed with goose or chicken feathers, became the norm. Then, in 1848, the Gutta Percha ball was introduced, which was made from the juice of the leaves of the gutta tree (a tropical tree native to Malaysia) and was considerably more durable and affordable than its predecessor. The next advancement occurred in the early 1900s with the development of the Haskell. It was the first ball featuring a center rubber core and an outer cover. The Haskell traveled up to 20 yards farther than the Gutta Percha ball and was more durable. In 1905, William Taylor introduced the first dimpled ball, a ball covered with tiny holes on the surface. By the 1930s, golf balls with rows of dimples were accepted as the standard design. Most golf balls today consist of rubber thread wound around a rubber core and coated with dimpled enamel.
Dimples play an important role in a golf ball's performance because these markings and patterns enhance the ball's aerodynamics. When a ball is hit and moves through the air, it experiences two major aerodynamic forces: lift and drag. Drag slows the forward motion, and lift acts in a direction vertical to it. With dimples added to the ball, the force that pulls back on the ball is minimized, allowing it to travel faster and longer. Dimples also help to force the airflow downward, which pushes the ball upward. These are the same principles of aerodynamics that airplanes use to fly. In general, golf balls with small, shallow dimples tend to have a longer, lower flight path, whereas those with deeper dimples have a higher flight path. Golfers can choose their balls based on what they need for a particular shot or for particular weather.
48. Which of the following best states the main idea of the first paragraph?
(A) Science and technology have influenced the game of golf.
(B) Price, durability, and function determine the quality of golf balls.
(C) Accumulated efforts have resulted in changes in how golf balls are made.(D) Golfers who have a sound knowledge of aerodynamics play the game well.
49. Which of the following is true about golf balls?
(A) William Taylor added a rubber center to golf balls.
(B) The Gutta Percha ball was stuffed with bird feathers.
(C) The Featherie was the first golf ball ever used in the game.
(D) The Haskell lasted longer and traveled farther than its predecessor.
50. How do dimples on a golf ball affect its performance?
(A) They help it travel farther. (B) They keep it in a better shape.
(C) They enhance its drag force. (D) They allow it to endure stronger impact.
51. Which ball will give golfers a better shot to get a ball out of a deep sand trap?
(A) A ball with deep dimples. (B) A ball made from Gutta trees.
(C) A ball with a leather sack. (D) A ball with a smooth outer cover.
答案 48. C 49. D 50. A 51. A
第一段第一句
Since golf started in the 15th century, many advances have occurred in the game, including significant changes to the golf ball.
自從高爾夫球運動在 15 世紀開展以來，經歷了許多演變，其中包括高爾夫球本身的顯著變革。
💡主旨 高爾夫球運動和所使用的球都經歷許多演變。
🔍找出主詞與動詞
主詞： advances
動詞： have occurred （完成式 have + p.p.）
🚫排除干擾：為什麼它們不能當動詞？
started： 它的主詞是 golf，但前有 since 冠頂， since 是附屬連接詞，故 started 是 附屬子句的動詞，不是主要句子的動詞。
including： V-ing 不能當動詞。
changes： 之前有形容詞 significant，故知 changes 是名詞。
🎗️Since 用法
現在完成式 + since + 過去式
since 是附屬連接詞，因此這過去式是附屬子句。
🎉附屬子句 與主要句子 的關係較有彈性，可以放在主要句子之前或之後。例如這裡是放在主要句子之前。
🍀相近詞彙解析 change in? change of? change to? 該用哪一個介係詞？
1. change in：指的是 狀態、數量、品質、程度或內部的變化。
例如
There has been a change in the weather. (天氣已發生變化)
We noticed a change in his behavior. (我們發現他的行為有改變)
a significant change in price (價格重大變動)
2. change of (種類、內容或對象的替換，把原本的東西換成另一個同性質的東西)
例如
a change of clothes (換衣服)
a change of pace (節奏的變換/改變生活步調)
a change of address (更換地址)
3. change to (對已定計畫、設計或特定目標的修改、調整)
例如
Are there any changes to the schedule? (行程表有任何變動嗎？)
We made some changes to the original plan. (我們對原定計畫做一些修改)
changes to the law (法律條文的修訂)
- changes to the golf ball，指的是 高爾夫球的製作上的修改，故用 to
🧩長句解析：拆解與組裝
🪛 拆解 本句可拆解成兩個簡單句
第一句（核心句）Since golf started in the 15th century, many advances have occurred in the game.
第二句（說明進展的內容）These advances include significant changes to the golf ball.
🧵組裝
Step 1. 第二句 化成 核心句 的 關係子句：將第二句的 these advances 改成 which，嫁接到核心句的 advances 之後
Since golf started in the 15th century, many advances which include significant changes to the golf ball have occurred in the game.
Step 2. 加入逗號，將關係子句改成非限定用法：第二句僅用以補充列舉，不是進一步限定 advances 的特徵，故需在子句前後加入逗號
Since golf started in the 15th century, many advances, which include significant changes to the golf ball, have occurred in the game.
Step 3. 關係子句的省略：可省略 which，並將 include 改成 including（V-ing)
Since golf started in the 15th century, many advances, which includeing significant changes to the golf ball, have occurred in the game.
Step 4. 為求美化故，調整分詞片語的位置：由於句尾 have occurred in the game 較短，中間的分詞片語較長，故調整兩者位置，使動詞與主詞不致相距過遠。
Since golf started in the 15th century, many advances, have occurred in the game, which includeing significant changes to the golf ball.
🎈深度比較：關係子句的 限定 vs. 非限定 用法
我們透過 Elon Musk 和 who cofounded 7 companies 的例句來理解逗號的威力：
- 限定用法（無逗號）：
Elon Musk is a South African–born American entrepreneur who cofounded 7 companies.
說明：Elon Musk 是創辦了 7 間公司的南非出生企業家，而非任何南非出生企業家，故需用子句限定範圍（無逗號）。 - 非限定用法（有逗號）：
Elon Musk, who cofounded 7 companies, is the world's richest person now.
說明：大家都知道 Elon Musk 是誰。有無此子句無所謂（有逗號）。
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