Assessment Techniques:
Inspection, Percussion, Palpation, and Auscultation (IPPA)
Inspection視: 視覺檢查是一項重要且關鍵的觀察，應始終在評估過程中第一步驟進行。
Examples of things you may inspect are skin color, location of lesions, bruises, or rash, symmetry, size of body parts, and abnormal findings, sounds, and odors. (Jarvis, 2020)
Palpation觸:
During light palpation, you press the skin about ½ inch to ¾ inch with the pads of your fingers. Light palpation allows you to assess texture, tenderness, temperature, moisture, pulsations, and masses.
Deep palpation, use your finger pads and compress the skin approximately 1½ inches to 2 inches. Deep palpation is performed to assess for masses and internal organs (Jarvis, 2020).
*1 inch is equal to 2.54 centimeters
Percussion扣:
The method of percussion is described as follows: Press the distal part of the middle finger of your non-dominant hand firmly on the body part. Keep the rest of your hand off the body surface.
Auscultation聽:
When auscultating, ensure the exam room is quiet and auscultate over bare skin, listening to one sound at a time. (Jarvis, 2020)
一般身體評估遵循，視->觸->扣->聽，除了腹部應在叩診或觸診前進行聽診，以防止假腸鳴音。
The physical examination can be followed in a “head-to-toe” fashion, starting with the head and ending with the toes to avoid missing any vital assessment areas.
